University Wits
The term "University Wits" refers to a group of playwrights and poets from the late 16th century who were educated at either the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge. While they weren't known by this name during their time, the term was popularized by critic George Saintsbury. This group played a crucial role in the evolution of English drama, paving the way for later writers, including Shakespeare.
The University
Wits included prominent figures such as:
- George Peele
- Robert Greene
- Thomas Nash
- Thomas Lodge
- Thomas Kyd
- Christopher
Marlowe
- John Lyly
Contributions of the University Wits
The contributions of the University Wits significantly advanced English literature during the Elizabethan era.
1. Advancement of English Drama: The Wits were instrumental in elevating English drama, refining the courtly traditions and revitalizing medieval forms. They infused drama with emotional depth and intensity, as seen in Marlowe's works like Doctor Faustus and The Jew of Malta. John Lyly also enhanced the genre with his witty dialogues, moving away from the rigid Roman influences that characterized earlier works.
2. Evolution of Tragedy: The University Wits redefined the concept of tragedy. Instead of focusing solely on kings and nobles, they depicted the downfall of ordinary individuals with grand aspirations. Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, featuring a scholar rather than a monarch, exemplifies this shift.
3. Emergence of
Romantic Comedy: This group was
pivotal in the development of romantic comedy in English literature. Peele’s The
Arraignment of Paris and Greene's romantic plots showcased imaginative
settings, while John Lyly enriched these narratives with romantic elements and
charm.
4. Innovation in Historical Drama: The Wits also contributed to the innovation of historical drama. Marlowe’s Edward II and Greene’s History of Alphonsus, King of Aragon set the stage for Shakespeare's later historical works.
5. Plot Construction: The University Wits excelled in plot development, arranging events in a coherent manner that created a cohesive narrative. Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy stands out as a prime example of this organic storytelling.
6. Characterization: They breathed life into their characters, crafting memorable and complex figures. Marlowe’s Faustus, for instance, is a compelling representation of a tragic hero.
7. Heroic Style: A defining feature of the University Wits was their use of a heroic style, characterized by powerful and elevated language. Marlowe, in particular, made extensive use of blank verse, showcasing his mastery of poetic expression.