The term "neo-classicism" comes from the Greek word "neos," meaning "new," and the Latin word "classicus," which refers to ancient Greek or Roman art forms. Neo-classicism represents a return to the classic ideas of elegance, balance, and clarity, reviving the styles of Greek and Roman literature. This period is also called pseudo-classical, Augustan, or the classical school of criticism. The neo-classical age in English literature lasted from 1660 to 1798 and can be divided into three parts: the Restoration period, the Augustan period, and the Age of Johnson. During this time, new forms of writing emerged, such as essays, parodies, satires, fables, letters, and rhymed couplets.
Characteristics of neo-classical
literature:
The neo-classical movement began in Europe in the
early 1700s during the Age of Enlightenment, focusing on reason and logic over
imagination. Here are some main features:
An Age of Reason:
This era emphasized logic and reason as the highest forms of thinking. Writers
sought order and harmony in their work, often using rational arguments and
drawing from past wisdom. Emotional expression was downplayed, and literature
followed strict rules.
Literature of the Aristocracy:
Neo-classical literature primarily reflected the lives of the wealthy. It
focused on coffee houses and social gatherings, ignoring the struggles of
ordinary people. Writers portrayed the artificial lifestyles of the upper
class.
Imitation of the Ancients:
Neo-classical writers looked to ancient Greek and Roman authors like Homer and
Virgil for inspiration. Their works prioritized order, logic, and accuracy.
Age of Satire:
Satire became a popular genre during this time. Writers criticized the corrupt
and superficial lives of the aristocracy, focusing on social and political
issues.
Emphasis on Form:
This age valued form over content, with a highly stylized and artificial
writing approach. Simplicity was often replaced by elaborate language and
decoration.
French Influence:
French writers like Boileau, Corneille, Molière, and Pascal significantly
influenced English literature during this time, encouraging English writers to
study the classics more deeply.
Alexander Pope as a neo-classical
writer:
Alexander Pope was a leading figure of the
neo-classical era and is often seen as a classicist. He is known for his
meticulous style and use of wit, often employing heroic couplets and epigrams.
Pope's work critiques the frivolous behavior of the aristocracy, particularly
in his mock-heroic poem "The Rape of the Lock," where he satirizes
the absurdities of high society. Thus, he is recognized as a skilled artist in
the classical tradition.